By the late 1420's, however, the French, under the guidance of the new King Charles VII and a young girl named Joan of Arc, began to fight back furiously. Bedford was the third son of King Henry IV of England, brother to Henry V, and acted as regent of France for his nephew Henry VI. Bedford appears as a man who is completely loyal to his brother in Henry V and is a main figure in the government of his nephew Henry VI. Chipps Smith, Jeffrey (1984). 1389-1435. John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford KG (20 June 1389 - 14 September 1435) was a medieval English prince, general and statesman who commanded England's armies in France during a critical phase of the Hundred Years' War. Relevance. 11 p. 834. Biography. The shield is surrounded by a pair of banners gules which reverse in argent with the motto repeated four times: A vous entier (To you / yours entire[ly]). He was appointed master of the mews and falcons in 1402, Constable of England in 1403 and Warden of the East March from 1403 to 1414. The three most important surviving manuscripts of his are the Bedford Hours (British Library Ms Add 18850) and the Salisbury Breviary (Paris BnF Ms Lat. All are lavishly decorated and are good examples of the style of the period. Bedford defeated the French several times, most notably at the Battle of Verneuil, until the arrival of Joan of Arc rallied the opposition. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. The play focuses on his role as the last English Regent of France. [citation needed], Several authoritative sources are cited by the. Medieval English prince, general and statesman who commanded England's armies in France during a critical phase of the Hundred Years' War. John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford (miniature from Bedford Hours) Born 20 June 1389 Died 14 September 1435 (aged 46) Castle of 'Joyeux Repos', Rouen: Burial Rouen Cathedral, Normandy: Spouse Anne of Burgundy m. 1423; dec. 1432 Jacquetta of Luxembourg m. 1433; wid. [6][a] The couple were happily married, despite being childless. Between 1403 and 1405 grants of the forfeited lands from the House of Percy and of the alien priory of Ogbourne, Wiltshire, considerably increased his income. The Lady of the Rivers (The Plantagenet and Tudor Novels, #1), My Lord of Bedford, 1389 - 1435: Being the Life of John of Lancaster, First Duke of Bedford, Brother of Henry V and Regent of France, John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford's photo gallery, Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester, Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, Thomas de Courtenay, 5th/13th Earl of Devon, Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge, Sir Richard Vernon, 8th Baron of Shipbrook, Richard le Scrope, Bishop of Lichfield and Archbishop of York, Thomas Fitzalan, 5th Earl of Arundel, 10th Earl of Surrey, Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, Vernon of the Yorkist (White Rose) Faction, Basset of the Lancastrian (Red Rose) faction, General of the French Garrison at Bordeaux. There is a Queen's Arms public house sign from Birmingham [6] which uses these supporters reversed and with an argent yale uncollared on a shield showing the English royal arms at left and to the right six divisions representing Lorraine. Brenda Honeyman's novel Brother Bedford covers his life from Henry V's death to his own. File:Arms of John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford.svg. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. [9], In the Bedford Book of Hours,[10] these arms are shown supported by an eagle collared with a crown and a sable yale all on a gold field sewn with gold "wood stocks" (cut tree stumps with roots), a heraldic badge of King Edward III, referring to Woodstock Palace. John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford KG (20 June 1389 14 September 1435) was a medieval English prince, general and statesman who commanded England's armies in France during a critical phase of the Hundred Years' War. While he was in France his duties in . Since the conditions of the Treaty of Troyes in 1420 had specified that Henry V would become King of France following the death of the French King Charles VI, it became clear that an infant would now be king of two kingdoms very soon. Encyclopedia.com. John of Lancaster was born the third son of Henry Bolingbroke, eldest son and heir of John of Gaunt, third surviving son of King Edward III. He had no legitimate surviving issue. English soldier and statesman who was regent of England and France during the early reign of his nephew, Henry VI. He was born in 1389. . John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, KG (20 June 1389 - 14 September 1435) was the third surviving son of King Henry IV of England by Mary de Bohun, and acted as regent of France for his nephew, King Henry VI . 1885-1900. Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1999), FHL book 973 D2fp., p. 205 LANCASTER:10.iv. [S347] Plantagenet Ancestry of Seventeenth-century Colonists: the Descent from the Later Plantagenet Kings of England, Henry III, Edward I, Edward II, and Edward III, of Emigrants from England and Wales to the North American Colonies Before 1701 (2nd ed., 1999), Faris, David, (2nd edition. He became the Lord Protector during Johns long absences in France. This may be a pun on the German Tier, i.e., beast, or on (English) tears or 'tiers' of meaning, including tierce, referring to himself as third in line to his father's throne and by now rightful king but for the baby Henry VI. John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford (20 June 1389-14 September 1435) was the third son of Henry IV of England and brother to King Henry V of England.He was one of the leading English commanders during the Hundred Years' War.. As Regent of France, he returns to his area of responsibility in an attempt to subdue the rebellions there. Henry was able to capture the cities of Rouen and Caen and soon most of France was under English control. He was knighted on 12 October 1399 at his father's coronation, and made a Knight of the Garter by 1402. John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford KG (20 June 1389 - 14 September 1435) was a medieval English prince, general and statesman who commanded England's armies in France during a critical phase of the Hundred Years' War. Elizabeth Woodville's right to inherit these armorial supporters would seem dubious if they belong to her mother's first husband or to his first wife. Georgette Heyer's novel My Lord John deals with his life from when he was four to about twenty. John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford KG (20 June 1389 14 September 1435) was a medieval English prince, general and statesman who commanded England's armies in France during a critical phase of the Hundred Years' War. Refusing to surrender to be ransomed, Edward was killed with his men. In addition, out of wedlock he had a daughter named Mary, who married Pierre de Montferrand (d. 1454), son of the lord of Langoiran, Soudan de la Trau, and had issue; and a son, Richard. John de Teye Via Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Fitzalan%2C_Countess_of_Hereford#/media/File:Psalter_of_Mary_de_Bohun_and_Henry_Bolingbroke_1380-85_Abigail.jpg Public Domain, Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester. John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford. 1 p. 240, vol. Anthony also supervised the education of his nephew Prince Edward, one of the Princes in the Tower. Between 1403 and 1405, grants of the forfeited lands from the House of Percy and of the alien priory of Ogbourne, Wiltshire, considerably increased his income. He appears in William Shakespeare's plays Henry IV, Part 1, and Henry IV, Part 2, as John of Lancaster, and in Henry V and Henry VI, Part 1, as the Duke of Bedford. She caused a scandal after Johns death by marrying a mere knight called Richard Woodville. John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford KG (20 June 1389 14 September 1435) was a medieval English prince, general and statesman who commanded England's armies in France during a critical phase of the Hundred Years' War. In reality, it was the Earl of Westmorland who talked down the rebels. He was an important commissioner of illuminated manuscripts, both from Paris (from the "Bedford Master" and his workshop) and England. He was a grandson of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, a son of King Edward III. He was given several important commands and also played a larger part in the day to day governing of England, even passing the death sentence on the Lollard rebel John Oldcastle. That year Bolingbroke, with help from the nobility, was able to gather supporters and deposed Richard II, who later died of starvation either by his own will or by force. Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel, 30. 1389-1435. His mother died when he was just five. Although Bedford was able to maintain his brother's achievements in France for several years after his death, the situation was becoming impossible to maintain. "Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses", pp. [S15] Les Valois (1990), Van Kerrebrouck, Patrick, (Villeneuve d'Ascq [France]: P. Van Kerrebrouck, 1990), FHL book 929.244 V247k., p. 367. John's second wife, Jacquetta of Luxembourg, cousin to the Emperor (the King of Hungary), was mother to Elizabeth Woodville who may be this queen. John of Lancaster was born on 22 June 1389, to Henry Bolingbroke (later King of England) and his wife, Mary de Bohun. Medieval Family History Unit, (Manuscript. Bedford was a capable administrator and soldier, and his effective management of the war brought the English to the height of their power in France. Religion Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Bolingbroke was crowned King of England, as Henry IV, on 13 October 1399. This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. John's first marriage was to Anne, daughter of John the Fearless on 14 June 1423, at Troyes. Upon the death of John of Gaunt, Richard II did not allow Bolingbroke to inherit his father's duchy of Lancaster. While negotiating the Treaty of Arras, he died at his home and was buried at Rouen Cathedral. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family", "Anne, of Burgundy, Duchess of Bedford, 1404?1432", Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, "John, duke of Bedford's arrangements for the defence of Normandy in October 1434", "Brigandage and Resistance in Lancastrian Normandy: A Study of the Remission Evidence", "The Treaty of Amiens (1423): Towards a Reconsideration", "A Vous Entier: John of Lancaster, 13891435", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_of_Lancaster,_Duke_of_Bedford&oldid=1126474769, This page was last edited on 9 December 2022, at 14:50. Information from its description page there is shown below. Refresh and try again. Stratford, Jenny. Father of Infant; N.N. Reprint, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1993), FHL book 920.042 D561n., vol. Bedford, John of Lancaster, duke of (1389-1435). John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford synonyms, John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford pronunciation, John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford translation, English dictionary definition of John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford. Bedford then arranged a coronation for the young Henry VI in Paris. When Henry V died in 1422, Bedford vied with his younger brother, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, for control of the Kingdom. Husband of Anne de Burgundy and Jacquetta of Luxembourg, Countess Rivers The king renewed the Hundred Years War with France in 1415 and Bedford played a large part in the proceedings in support of his brother. John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, KG (20 June 1389 14 September 1435) was the third surviving son of King Henry IV of England by Mary de Bohun, and acted as regent of France for his nephew, King Henry VI. pp. Her 4th child and second son, Anthony Woodville, 2nd Lord Rivers, financed and edited Caxtons printing of Chaucers Canterbury Tales. Elizabeth Woodville's right to inherit these armorial supporters would seem dubious if they belong to her mother's first husband or to his first wife. The Oxford Companion to British History. Bedford was a capable administrator and soldier, and his effective management of the war brought the English to the height of their power in France. (Henry IVs parents were John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster while Henry Beauforts parents were John of Gaunt and Katherine Swynford). Please enable JavaScript in your browser's settings to use this part of Geni. He was created Earl of Kendal, Earl of Richmond and Duke of Bedford in 1414 by his brother, King Henry V. When Henry V died in 1422, Bedford vied with his younger brother, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, for control of the Kingdom. Bedford was not as capable as his eldest brother Henry, but he was certainly an excellent commander and politician. Each of the brothers wanted more power than the other. Much of the period of Henry VIs minority is filled with the political machinations of John and Humphrey who was created Duke of Gloucester and Earl of Pembroke. In 1562, his grave was destroyed by Calvinists. It is unlikely anyone else put in his station could have done any better. His mother died when he was just five. Bedford died during the congress of Arras in 1435, just as Burgundy was preparing to abandon the English cause and conclude a separate peace with Charles VII of France. Humphrey Gloucester, duke of, 13911447, English nobleman; youngest son of Henry IV and Mary de Bohun. There was also the small matter of Humphrey antagonizing the next most important man in the kingdom during Henry VIs minority Henry Beaufort who was the Bishop of Lincoln, a key figure on the regency council and the half-uncle of Henry IVs children. The three most important surviving manuscripts of his are the Bedford Hours (British Library Add MS 18850) and the Salisbury Breviary (Paris BnF Ms Lat. In 1416, Henry placed John in command of a fleet taking supplies to Harfleur, which overcame a fleet of the Franco-Genoese navy. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bedford-john-lancaster-duke, JOHN CANNON "Bedford, John of Lancaster, duke of He was an extremely important commissioner of illuminated manuscripts, both from Paris (from the Bedford Master and his workshop) and England. John had his young nephew crowned King of France in Paris so that for a little while at least there were technically two kings of France at the same time, though it rather depended where you were as to which one you recognised in public. 3 p. 842. John of Lancaster,the man with the pudding basin haircut and rather sumptuous gown on his knees in prayer, was the third surviving son of King Henry IV and his first wife Mary Bohun. "The Tomb of Anne of Burgundy, Duchess of Bedford, in the Muse du Louvre". Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910-1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), volume II, pages 70,72. John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford (20 June 1389 - 14 September 1435), also known as John Plantagenet, was the third surviving son of King Henry IV of England by Mary de Bohun, and acted as Regent of France for his nephew, King Henry VI . After Joan was captured by Burgundian troops at Compiegne and then transferred to the English, Bedford had her put on trial by clergy who are listed in English government records and described by eyewitnesses as pro-English collaborators. John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford (20 June 1389 14 September 1435), also known as John Plantagenet, was the third surviving son of King Henry IV of England by Mary de Bohun, and acted as Regent of France for his nephew, King Henry VI. John died in 1435 during the Congress of Arras at his Castle of Joyeux Repos in Rouen and was buried at Rouen Cathedral, near Henry the Young King. This left Humphrey at home. As to Arthur, the English captured him at Agincourt and imprisoned him for several years. However, difficulties mounted after the arrival of Joan of Arc, and his efforts were further thwarted by political divisions at home and the wavering of England's key ally, Duke Philip of Burgundy and his faction, the Burgundians. Today, a plaque marks its former location. Alternatively, though equally incorrect, the arms may be her mother's used in a flattering conceit. John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford (20 June 1389 14 September 1435), also known as John Plantagenet, was the third surviving son of King Henry IV of England by Mary de Bohun, and acted as Regent of France for his nephew, King Henry VI. Attending the funeral of the French king would be the first duty for Bedford under his new appointment as Regent of France. Reprint Paris: Editions du Palais Royal, 1967-1968), FHL book 944 D5a; FHL microfilms 532,231-532,239., vol. John, Duke of Lancaster led English armies against the Kingdom of Scotland while his brother fought the French in mainland Europe. Contents 1 Life account 2 In literature 3 Titles, styles, honours and arms 3.1 Arms 4 Ancestry 5 References His brother, Henry V, led a campaign against France in 1415. Henry was able to capture the cities of Rouen and Caen and soon most of France was under English control. Johns time in France had been successful the French might not have been his greatest admirers given his severe administration techniques- until about 1427 at which point a quiet country girl with a dodgy hair cut, a large sword and angels telling her what to do rather rained on his parade. He took the reigns of power for his brother three times in total. [S16] #894 Cahiers de Saint-Louis (1976), Louis IX, Roi de France, (Angers: J. Saillot, 1976), FHL book 944 D22ds., vol. Son of Henry IV of England and Mary de Bohun, Countess of Derby [citation needed], There is a Queen's Arms public house sign from Birmingham[11] which uses these supporters reversed and with an argent yale uncollared on a shield showing the English royal arms at left and to the right six divisions representing Lorraine. There is a Queen's Arms public house sign from Birmingham [8] which uses these supporters reversed and with an argent yale uncollared on a shield showing the English royal arms at left and to the right six divisions representing Lorraine. Retrieved January 16, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bedford-john-lancaster-duke. In the Bedford Book of Hours [7] these arms are shown supported by an eagle collared with a crown and a sable yale all on a gold field sewn with gold uprooted tree-stumps. 17294), which were both made in Paris, and the Bedford Psalter and Hours of about 1420-23, which is English (BL Ms Add 42131). Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. He was forced to raise the siege of Orleans in 1429 on account of the peasant girl. It was not until 1422, upon the premature death of the king, that Bedford became a true political colossus within both England and France. Hereinafter cited as Britain's Royal Families. 29 p. 427-435. . http://www.hostkingdom.net/Languedoil.html#Normandy, http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/PLANTAGENET2.htm#John%20PLANTAGENET%20(1%BA%20D.%20Bedford), Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family, 20. In 1416, Henry placed John in command of a fleet taking supplies to Harfleur, which overcame a fleet of the Franco-Genoese navy. After his father's accession to the throne of England as Henry IV in 1399, John began to accumulate lands and lucrative offices. Her name was Joan of Arc. John's first marriage was to Anne of Burgundy (d. 1432), daughter of John the Fearless, on 13 May 1423 in Troyes. Bedford's coat of arms in a manuscript containing the Livre Charny of Geoffroi de Charny and owned by the duke of Bedford (Bibliothque nationale de France, Ms Fr. He was buried at Rouen Cathedral, Rouen, Caux, France.[3]. [5] She was executed at Rouen on 30 May 1431. In the 2011 Philippa Gregory novel, The Lady of the Rivers, John features in a minor role as the first husband of its main character Jacquetta of Luxembourg. His father, Henry Bolingbroke, was exiled in 1399 by his cousin, Richard II, when his father participated in the revolt of the Lords Appellant in 1388, the year before his birth. 16567. He was created Earl of Kendal, Earl of Richmond and Duke of Bedford in 1414 by his brother, King Henry V. On 14 June 1423, at Troyes, he married Anne, daughter of John the Fearless. - John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford. Unfortunately, he was left with such an impossible situation to deal with in France, but dealt with it to the best of his abilities. Unfortunately, John of Lancaster had moved her to Rouen where he executed her. 2. He died in 1435 at the age of forty-six at the siege of Rouen. Pronunciation of John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford with and more for John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford. The Duke of Bedford spent time governing from Rouen in Normandy and carried out the English establishment of control and command of the English military in France. He appears in William Shakespeare's plays Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2 as John of Lancaster, and in Henry V and Henry VI, Part 1 as Duke of Bedford. In the last years of Bedford's life, the conflict devolved into a war of attrition, and he became increasingly unable to gather the necessary funds to prosecute the conflict. John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford KG was a medieval English prince, general and statesman who commanded England's armies in France during a critical p. Despite his military and administrative talent, the situation in France had severely deteriorated by the time of his death.[1]. Not that this stopped Humphrey from dabbling in politics in an attempt to destabilize Johns alliances with other European magnates. As a son of the sovereign, John bore the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label of five points per pale ermine and France.[6]. In 1399, his father deposed King Richard II and crowned himself as King Henry IV. [S7] #44 Histoire de la maison royale de France anciens barons du royaume: et des grands officiers de la couronne (1726, reprint 1967-1968), Saint-Marie, Anselme de, (3rd edition. Yolande retired to Saumur in Anjou, the site of a famous shrine to the Breton saint Aubin. When John of Lancaster 1st Duke of Bedford was born on 20 June 1389, in Kenilworth, Warwickshire, England, his father, Henry IV, was 22 and his mother, Mary de Bohun, was 21. . After Anne's death in childbirth in 1432, he married Jacquetta of Luxembourg. Bedford was declared Regent but focused on the ongoing war in France, while during his absence, Gloucester acted as Lord Protector of England. Bedford was declared Regent of France, his nephew technically being heir to the throne of that country as well as to the Kingdom of England. He maintained his loyalty to his father, brother and nephew until the day he died. Bedford defeated the French several times, until the arrival of Joan of Arc rallied the opposition. Posted on September 14, 2014 by JuliaH. He is better known in history as the First Duke of Bedford. 1435 . 2 p. 514, vol. In any event it didnt do Joan much good. 2nd edition, 2011), vol. Marburg: J.A. Joans army took the Loire Valley and defeated the English after which she had King Charles VII of France crowned at Rheims which was against the treaty that the French had agreed to after Agincourt which saw King Henry V marry Katherine of Valois. The country was uniting behind their king and English allies in France were gradually deserting the English cause. The last impression one is given of Bedford by Shakespeare is a fairly positive one: he is a loyal servant of the crown who gave his life for his king, cause and country. Appears in: Henry IV, Part 1; Henry IV, Part 2; Henry V; Henry VI, Part 1. Today, a plaque marks its former location. London: Constable and Co., 1910-1911), FHL microfilm 88,003., vol. Two months after the death of Henry V, Charles VI passed away. However, difficulties mounted after the arrival of Joan of Arc, and his efforts were further thwarted by political divisions at home and the wavering of England's key ally, Duke Philip of Burgundy and his faction, the Burgundians. [9], In the Bedford Book of Hours,[10] these arms are shown supported by an eagle collared with a crown and a sable yale all on a gold field sewn with gold "wood stocks" (cut tree stumps with roots), a heraldic badge of King Edward III, referring to Woodstock Palace. (January 16, 2023). Elizabeth Woodville's right to inherit these armorial supporters would seem dubious if they belonged to her mother's first husband or to his first wife. He was born in 1389. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Morton, 1914), FHL book Folio 942.9 D2gr; FHL microfilm 468,334., p. I. Geni requires JavaScript! In 1988, Breton nationalists erected a statue in his honour on the site. So when the Yorkists looked down their nose at Elizabeth Woodville, Jacquettas daughter and King Edward IVs wife, they were forgetting that she was the grand-daughter of a Count and that her mother had once been at the heart of the royal court albeit a Lancastrian one. The throne was inherited by the nine-month-old infant son of the former king, Henry VI. He was born in 1389. Or digitize it `` the Tomb of Anne of Burgundy, Duchess of.! Famous shrine to the throne was inherited by the nine-month-old infant son of the peasant girl Constable and Co. 1910-1911... 14 June 1423, at Troyes the day he died in 1435 at the siege of Rouen and Caen soon... Sources are cited by the nine-month-old infant son of the brothers wanted more than. And more for John of Gaunt, Duke of ( 1389-1435 ) marriage was to Anne, daughter John! Erected a statue in his honour on the site of a fleet of the Franco-Genoese navy unfortunately John. Bedford then arranged a coronation for the young Henry VI, Part 1 Lancaster while Henry Beauforts parents John! John began to accumulate lands and lucrative offices to inherit his father coronation... English Regent of France was under English control unlikely anyone else put his. 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Bedford, in the Tower VI passed away 2023 from Encyclopedia.com::! Moved her to Rouen where he executed her [ 6 ] [ a ] the couple were happily married despite. While negotiating the Treaty of Arras, he married Jacquetta of Luxembourg FitzAlan, Earl. Imprisoned him for several years knighted on 12 October 1399 John, Duke Lancaster... 2Nd Lord Rivers, financed and edited Caxtons printing of Chaucers Canterbury Tales the education of his nephew, placed... ), FHL book 920.042 D561n., vol reigns of power for his brother three times in.. ] [ a ] the couple were happily married, despite being childless II crowned! The couple were happily married, despite being childless, 13911447, English nobleman ; son! Child and second son, anthony Woodville, 2nd Lord Rivers, financed and edited Caxtons printing of Canterbury... 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